Osteomielitis primaria de esternón / Primary sternal osteomyelitis

La osteomielitis primaria de esternón es muy infrecuente en niños, con menos de 100 casos publicados hasta la actualidad. Su presentación clínica es a menudo inespecífica, lo que causa un retraso en el diagnóstico. Se presentan dos nuevos casos de osteomielitis primaria de esternón. Ambos referían un cuadro de fiebre, malestar general, dolor torácico y rechazo del decúbito, con eritema preesternal en uno de los casos. La velocidad de sedimentación globular y la proteína C-reactiva estaban elevadas en ambos casos. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante estudios de imagen y en un caso se aisló Staphylococcus aureus sensible a meticilina en el hemocultivo. Ambos se recuperaron sin complicaciones con tratamiento antibiótico. Debe tenerse en cuenta la osteomielitis primaria de esternón en el diagnóstico diferencial del dolor torácico, especialmente si se acompaña de fiebre, signos inflamatorios locales, intolerancia al decúbito o elevación de reactantes de fase aguda.

Primary sternal osteomyelitis is very rare in children, with less than 100 cases published to date. Its clinical presentation is often non-specific, which results in a diagnostic delay. Here we describe 2 new cases of primary sternal osteomyelitis. Both referred fever, malaise, chest pain, and refusal to lie down, with pre-sternal erythema in one of the cases. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values were high in both cases. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging studies; methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in the blood culture of one of them. Both recovered without complications with antibiotic treatment. Primary sternal osteomyelitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain, especially if accompanied by fever, local inflammatory signs, intolerance to lying down, or increased acute phase reactants.

Primary sternal osteomyelitis. / Osteomielitis primaria de esternón.

Primary sternal osteomyelitis is very rare in children, with less than 100 cases published to date. Its clinical presentation is often non-specific, which results in a diagnostic delay. Here we describe 2 new cases of primary sternal osteomyelitis. Both referred fever, malaise, chest pain, and refusal to lie down, with pre-sternal erythema in one of the cases. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values were high in both cases. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging studies; methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in the blood culture of one of them. Both recovered without complications with antibiotic treatment. Primary sternal osteomyelitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain, especially if accompanied by fever, local inflammatory signs, intolerance to lying down, or increased acute phase reactants.

La osteomielitis primaria de esternón es muy infrecuente en niños, con menos de 100 casos publicados hasta la actualidad. Su presentación clínica es a menudo inespecífica, lo que causa un retraso en el diagnóstico. Se presentan dos nuevos casos de osteomielitis primaria de esternón. Ambos referían un cuadro de fiebre, malestar general, dolor torácico y rechazo del decúbito, con eritema preesternal en uno de los casos. La velocidad de sedimentación globular y la proteína C-reactiva estaban elevadas en ambos casos. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante estudios de imagen y en un caso se aisló Staphylococcus aureus sensible a meticilina en el hemocultivo. Ambos se recuperaron sin complicaciones con tratamiento antibiótico. Debe tenerse en cuenta la osteomielitis primaria de esternón en el diagnóstico diferencial del dolor torácico, especialmente si se acompaña de fiebre, signos inflamatorios locales, intolerancia al decúbito o elevación de reactantes de fase aguda.

Change on the Circulation of Respiratory Viruses and Pediatric Healthcare Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asturias, Northern Spain.

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of restrictions and nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) changed the trends in respiratory viral circulation and the pattern in pediatric healthcare utilization; (2) Methods: A retrospective, multicenter observational study designed to analyze the impact of the pandemic on pediatric healthcare utilization and the viral circulation pattern in children in a region in Northern Spain was carried out. Viral diagnostics data from all nasal or pharyngeal swabs collected in children in Asturias during the periods of March 2018−September 2019 and March 2020−September 2021 were analyzed, as well as the number of pediatric hospitalizations and emergency visits; (3) Results: A total of 14,640 samples were collected during the pandemic period. Of these, at least one respiratory virus was detected in 2940 (20.1%) while 5568/10,298 samples were positive in the pre-pandemic period (54.1%); p < 0.001. The detection of both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses decreased among periods (p < 0.001). After week 14, 2020, enveloped viruses were no longer detected until one year later, while non-enveloped viruses continued to be detected in children. Overall, a mean of 4946.8 (95% CI 4519.1−5374.4) pediatric emergency visits per month during the period 2018−2019 as compared to 2496.5 (95% CI 2086.4−2906.5) for 2020−2021 occurred (p < 0.001). The mean of pediatric hospitalizations also significantly decreased between periods, as follows: 346.6 (95% CI 313−380.2) in 2018−2019 vs. 161.1 (95% CI 138.4−183.8); p < 0.001; (4) Conclusions: Our study showed a remarkably reduction in pediatric hospitalizations and emergency visits and a change in the pattern of viral circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias. The usual seasonal respiratory viruses, namely influenza or RSV were nearly absent in the pediatric population during the pandemic.

Variation in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children in the region of Asturias, Northern Spain.

BACKGROUND: Updated seroprevalence estimates are important to describe the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) landscape and to guide public health decisions. The aims are to describe longitudinal changes in seroprevalence in children in a region in Northern Spain and to analyze factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. METHODS: Prospective multicenter longitudinal study with subjects recruited from July to September 2020. Children (up to 14 years old) were included and followed up until September 2021. Venous blood samples were collected every six months during three testing rounds and were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The data regarding epidemiological features, contact tracing, symptoms, and virological tests were collected. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during the study and the differences between children with positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests were analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred children were recruited (50.5% girls, median age 9.7 years). The overall seroprevalence increased from round 1 [1.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3%-4.3%] to round 2 (9.1%, 95% CI 4.6%-12.7%) and round 3 (16.6%, 95% CI 9.5%-19.6%) (P < 0.001). Main changes occurred in children aged zero to four years (P = 0.001) who lived in urban areas (P < 0.001). None of the children who were previously positive became seronegative. Following multivariable analysis, three variables independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were identified: close contact with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed or suspected cases [odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% CI 1.2-12.5], previous positive virological test (OR = 17.1, 95% CI 3.7-78.3) and fatigue (OR = 18.1, 95% CI 1.7-193.4). CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children has remarkably increased during the time of our study. Fatigue was the only COVID-19-compatible symptom that was more frequent in seropositive than in seronegative children.

Trends and Pattern of Antibiotic Use in Children in Northern Spain, Interpreting Data about Antibiotic Consumption in Pediatric Outpatients.

Monitoring of antibiotic prescription and consumption behavior is crucial. The Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics has been recently introduced in order to measure and improve patterns of antibiotic use. In this study, retrospective data about systemic antibiotic consumption (expressed in defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID)) in pediatric outpatients in a region in northern Spain (around 100,000 children up to 14 years old) from 2005 to 2018 were analyzed and compared with antibiotic consumption in general population in Spain. The pattern of use was analyzed by the percentage of the current AWaRe categories, the Access-to-Watch index, and the amoxicillin index. Data were calculated annually and compared into two periods. Mean antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients was 14.0 DID (CI 95% 13.38-14.62). It remained stable throughout the study and was lower than consumption in general population in Spain, particularly from 2016. Changes in the consumption of the main active principles have led to an improvement in the three metrics of the pattern of use. It is important to have a thorough knowledge of the methodology applied in studies about antibiotic consumption. There is a lack of an optimal standardized metric for the pediatric population.

Evolución del consumo de antibióticos a nivel extrahospitalario en Asturias, España (2005-2018) / Evolution of antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients of Asturias, Spain (2005-2018)

Introducción: El consumo de antibióticos en España es elevado y más del 90% de las prescripciones se realizan en ámbito extrahospitalario. La exposición a antibióticos en la edad infantil es alta. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la evolución del consumo extrahospitalario de antibióticos en la población pediátrica del Principado de Asturias entre 2005 y 2018.Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo del consumo de antibacterianos de uso sistémico (grupo J01 de la clasificación ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) en ámbito extrahospitalario en la población pediátrica (0-13 años) del Principado de Asturias entre 2005 y 2018. Se compara el consumo, medido en número de dosis diarias definidas (DDD) por 1.000 habitantes y día (DHD), en 3 periodos de tiempo.Resultados: El consumo medio de antibacterianos en la población pediátrica asturiana (2005-2018) fue de 14 DHD (IC95% 13,4-14,6), con un aumento hasta 2009 (15,2 DHD) y descenso a partir de 2015 (11,9 DHD en 2018). A lo largo del estudio se detectó: 1) un aumento del consumo de amoxicilina (p=0,027), que supera al de amoxicilina-clavulánico desde el año 2011; 2) un consumo estable de macrólidos, con un aumento de azitromicina (p<0,001) y un descenso de claritromicina (p=0,001); 3) un descenso del consumo de cefalosporinas (p<0,001); 4) un aumento del consumo de quinolonas (p=0,002).Conclusiones: El consumo de antibióticos a nivel extrahospitalario en la población pediátrica del Principado de Asturias entre los años 2005 y 2018 ha experimentado un descenso mantenido en los últimos años y una mejora evolutiva del patrón de uso. (AU)

Introduction: Data about consumption of antibiotics in Spain are worrisome. They are mainly prescribed in the community sector and there is a high exposure to antibiotics in the pediatric population. The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of antibiotic consumption in the pediatric population of Asturias during 2005-2018 period.Material and methods: Retrospective and descriptive study using data about consumption of antibacterial agents for systemic use (J01 group of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias between 2005 and 2018. Data, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), in three periods were compared.Results: Mean antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias (2005-2018) was 14 DID (CI95% 13.4-14.6). Consumption increased until 2009 (15.2 DID) and decreased from 2015 onwards (11.9 DID in 2018). Remarkable data along the study were: 1) increase in amoxicillin consumption (p=0.027), that have exceeded that of amoxicillin-clavulanate since 2011; 2) steady consumption of macrolides, with an increase in azithromycin (p<0.001) and a decrease in clarithromycin (p=0.001); 3) reduction of cephalosporins consumption (p<0.001); 4) increase in quinolones consumption (p=0.002).Conclusions: Global antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias between 2005 and 2018 has experienced a constant decrease lately and an improvement in patterns of antibacterial use. (AU)

Evolution of antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients of Asturias, Spain (2005-2018).

INTRODUCTION: Data about consumption of antibiotics in Spain are worrisome. They are mainly prescribed in the community sector and there is a high exposure to antibiotics in the pediatric population. The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of antibiotic consumption in the pediatric population of Asturias during 2005-2018 period. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study using data about consumption of antibacterial agents for systemic use (J01 group of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) in pediatric outpatients in Asturias between 2005 and 2018. Data, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), in three periods were compared. RESULTS: Mean antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Asturias (2005-2018) was 14 DID (CI95% 13.4-14.6). Consumption increased until 2009 (15.2 DID) and decreased from 2015 onwards (11.9 DID in 2018). Remarkable data along the study were: 1) increase in amoxicillin consumption (p = 0.027), that have exceeded that of amoxicillin-clavulanate since 2011; 2) steady consumption of macrolides, with an increase in azithromycin (p < 0.001) and a decrease in clarithromycin (p = 0.001); 3) reduction of cephalosporins consumption (p < 0.001); 4) increase in quinolones consumption (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Global antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Asturias between 2005 and 2018 has experienced a constant decrease lately and an improvement in patterns of antibacterial use.

[Evolution of antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients of Asturias, Spain (2005-2018)]. / Evolución del consumo de antibióticos a nivel extrahospitalario en Asturias, España (2005-2018).

INTRODUCTION: Data about consumption of antibiotics in Spain are worrisome. They are mainly prescribed in the community sector and there is a high exposure to antibiotics in the pediatric population. The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of antibiotic consumption in the pediatric population of Asturias during 2005-2018 period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study using data about consumption of antibacterial agents for systemic use (J01 group of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias between 2005 and 2018. Data, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), in three periods were compared. RESULTS: Mean antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias (2005-2018) was 14 DID (CI95% 13.4-14.6). Consumption increased until 2009 (15.2 DID) and decreased from 2015 onwards (11.9 DID in 2018). Remarkable data along the study were: 1) increase in amoxicillin consumption (p=0.027), that have exceeded that of amoxicillin-clavulanate since 2011; 2) steady consumption of macrolides, with an increase in azithromycin (p<0.001) and a decrease in clarithromycin (p=0.001); 3) reduction of cephalosporins consumption (p<0.001); 4) increase in quinolones consumption (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Global antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias between 2005 and 2018 has experienced a constant decrease lately and an improvement in patterns of antibacterial use.

Osteoma osteoide: causa poco frecuente de dolor crónico en la muñeca en una niña / Osteoid osteoma: unusual cause of chronic pain in the wrist in a child

El osteoma osteoide es una lesión ósea benigna que, habitualmente, se acompaña de clínica típica caracterizada por dolor nocturno que mejora con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Aunque la presentación clínica es típica, con frecuencia, es común la demora diagnóstica, en especial, en los casos con localización atípica.Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 10 años con dolor en la muñeca izquierda de dos años de evolución con diagnóstico de osteoma osteoide localizado en el hueso grande del carpo. La localización atípica de la lesión conllevó un retraso diagnóstico importante

Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone lesion that is usually accompanied by a typical clinical condition characterized by night pain that improves with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although the clinical presentation is frequently typical, diagnostic delay is common, especially in cases with an atypical location.We report the case of a 10-year-old patient with left wrist pain of two years of evolution with diagnosis of osteoid osteoma located in capitate bone. The atypical location of the lesion led to a significant diagnostic delay.

[Osteoid osteoma: unusual cause of chronic pain in the wrist in a child]. / Osteoma osteoide: causa poco frecuente de dolor crónico en la muñeca en una niña.

Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone lesion that is usually accompanied by a typical clinical condition characterized by night pain that improves with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although the clinical presentation is frequently typical, diagnostic delay is common, especially in cases with an atypical location. We report the case of a 10-year-old patient with left wrist pain of two years of evolution with diagnosis of osteoid osteoma located in capitate bone. The atypical location of the lesion led to a significant diagnostic delay.

El osteoma osteoide es una lesión ósea benigna que, habitualmente, se acompaña de clínica típica caracterizada por dolor nocturno que mejora con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Aunque la presentación clínica es típica, con frecuencia, es común la demora diagnóstica, en especial, en los casos con localización atípica. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 10 años con dolor en la muñeca izquierda de dos años de evolución con diagnóstico de osteoma osteoide localizado en el hueso grande del carpo. La localización atípica.

Cambios evolutivos en las tasas y fenotipos de resistencia de Streptococcus pyogenes en una población pediátrica de Asturias, España (2005-2015) / Resistance rates and phenotypic characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes in a paediatric population in Northern Spain (2005-2015)

Introducción. Streptococcus pyogenes es uno de los principales microorganismos causantes de infecciones bacterianas en la edad pediátrica. El objetivo es analizar la evolución de las tasas y fenotipos de resistencia de S. pyogenes en una población pediátrica en el Norte de España en los últimos 11 años. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los aislamientos de S. pyogenes en muestras de pacientes pediátricos recogidas entre 2005 y 2015 en el Área Sanitaria V del Principado de Asturias (España). Se compararon las tasas de resistencia bacteriana entre los periodos 2005-2009 y 2010-2015 y se analizó la evolución de los fenotipos de los aislamientos resistentes. Resultados. Se registraron 1.794 aislamientos (70% en el periodo 2005-2009). El 87,5% procedían de muestras de exudado faríngeo y el 0,2% de hemocultivos. Se observó una disminución de las tasas de resistencia a tetraciclina (8,8% a 4,3%, p=0,02), eritromicina (22% a 9,3%, p<0,01) y clindamicina (6% a 1,7%, p<0,01) entre los dos periodos de tiempo. La detección de S. pyogenes resistentes a eritromicina con fenotipo MLSB fue disminuyendo de manera progresiva a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Conclusiones. Se ha observado una importante disminución de las tasas de resistencia a eritromicina y clindamicina a lo largo del periodo de estudio y un cambio en la distribución de los fenotipos de los aislamientos resistentes (AU)

Background. Streptococcus pyogenes is a significant cause of bacterial infections in children. The aim of the study is to analyse resistance rates and phenotypes of S. pyogenes isolates in a paediatric population in Northern Spain over the last 11 years. Methods. Descriptive retrospective study of S. pyogenes isolates from paediatric patients between 2005 and 2015 in a region of Asturias (Spain). Resistance rates and changes in erythromycin resistance phenotypes in two time periods (2005-2009 and 2010-2015) were studied. Results. A total of 1,794 S. pyogenes isolates were registered (70% from 2005 to 2009). 87.5% were obtained from pharyngeal swabs and 0.2% from blood cultures. Resistance rates to tetracycline (8.8% to 4.3%, p=0.02), erythromycin (22% to 9.3%, p<0.01) and clindamycin (6% to 1.7%, p<0.01) decreased between the two study periods. A reduction in erythromycin-resistant isolates with the MLSB phenotype was observed. Conclusions. A decrease in S. pyogenes resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin and a change in the erythromycin resistance phenotype were observed along the study period (AU)

Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos / Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series

La enfermedad de Lyme es producida por la espiroqueta Borrelia burgdorferi, que se transmite mediante la picadura de las garrapatas del género Ixodes ricinus. Se caracteriza por la aparición de un eritema migratorio en la zona de la picadura en las fases iniciales. Su diagnóstico se retrasa en gran parte de los casos y se presenta con formas diseminadas o tardías. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico; la serología suele ser negativa en las fases precoces, pero sirve de apoyo en el caso de las formas más avanzadas. El tratamiento se realiza con antibiótico oral durante 14-28 días, salvo en formas recurrentes o con afectación del sistema nervioso central. Presentamos cuatro casos de borreliosis de Lyme en niños con el fin de dar a conocer distintas formas de presentación de esta entidad y su manejo en la población pediátrica.

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmittedby Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.

Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos / Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series

La enfermedad de Lyme es producida por la espiroqueta Borrelia burgdorferi, que se transmite mediante la picadura de las garrapatas del género Ixodes ricinus. Se caracteriza por la aparición de un eritema migratorio en la zona de la picadura en las fases iniciales. Su diagnóstico se retrasa en gran parte de los casos y se presenta con formas diseminadas o tardías. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico; la serología suele ser negativa en las fases precoces, pero sirve de apoyo en el caso de las formas más avanzadas. El tratamiento se realiza con antibiótico oral durante 14-28 días, salvo en formas recurrentes o con afectación del sistema nervioso central. Presentamos cuatro casos de borreliosis de Lyme en niños con el fin de dar a conocer distintas formas de presentación de esta entidad y su manejo en la población pediátrica.(AU)

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmittedby Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.(AU)

[Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series]. / Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos.

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.

Variabilidad e idoneidad en el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las faringoamigdalitis agudas pediátricas en Asturias, España / Variability of antibiotic treatment in paediatric acute pharyngotonsillitis in Asturias, Spain

Introducción. Las faringoamigdalitis agudas suponen un importante porcentaje de las consultas pediátricas y una de las principales causas de prescripción antibiótica. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar los hábitos de prescripción antimicrobiana en niños diagnosticados con faringoamigdalitis aguda en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios y consultas pediátricas de atención primaria en Asturias (España). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo multicéntrico que evalúa pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados con faringoamigdalitis aguda en los servicios de urgencias de 5 hospitales y en 80 consultas pediátricas de atención primaria. La idoneidad de las prescripciones se estableció por comparación con estándares de referencia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 563 niños con faringoamigdalitis agudas, 49,7% en atención primaria (IC 95% 45,6-53,8%), a los largo de 30 días no consecutivos (6,8% de las consultas pediátricas). Se prescribieron antibióticos en el 75,5% de las faringoamigdalitis (IC 95% 71,9-79,0%) [(78,3% en los menores de 3 años (IC 95% 71,8-84,8%)]. El antibiótico más indicado fue la amoxicilina [39,1% de los casos que recibieron antibioterapia (IC 95% 34,4-43,7%)]. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de prescripción antibiótica entre atención primaria y urgencias hospitalarias (70,0% contra 80,9%, p= 0,003). El tratamiento prescrito se consideró de primera elección en el 43,3% de los tratados (IC 95% 38,6-48,0%) e inadecuado en el 56,0% (IC 95% 51,3-60,7%). Conclusiones. Pese a que la mayoría de las faringoamigdalitis agudas pediátricas son de probable etiología vírica, tres cuartas partes de ellas reciben tratamiento antibiótico en nuestro medio, siendo la elección inapropiada en más de la mitad de los casos.

Introduction. Acute pharyngotonsillitis accounts for a large portion of antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric offices. Our aim was to analyze the antimicrobial prescription habits for acute pharyngotonsillitis in children from hospital emergency departments and primary care pediatric clinics in Asturias (Spain). Methods. Multicenter descriptive study evaluating pediatric patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngotonsillitis in 5 hospital emergency departments and 80 pediatric primary care clinics. Appropriateness of prescription was established by comparing with reference standards. Results. Five hundred sixty-three children with acute pharyngotonsillitis [49.7% in primary care CI 95% 45.6-53.8%)] were included along 30 nonconsecutive days. Antibiotics were prescribed in 75.5% of cases (95% CI 71.9-79.0%) [78.3% in children under 3 years of age (95% CI 71.8-84.8%)]. Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed [39.1% (95% CI 34.4-43.7%)]. Significant differences in the frequency or antibiotic prescription were found between primary care and hospital emergency departments (70% vs. 80.9%, p= 0.003). The treatment prescribed was considered first choice in 43.3% (95% CI 38.6-48.0%) and inappropriate in 56.0% (95% CI 51.3-60.7%). Conclusions. Although in most cases pediatric acute pharyngotonsillitis is viral in origin, three out of four are treated with antibiotics. Treatment was inappropriate in more than half of the cases in our study.

[Variability of antibiotic treatment in paediatric acute pharyngotonsillitis in Asturias, Spain]. / Variabilidad e idoneidad en el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las faringoamigdalitis agudas pediátricas en Asturias, España.

Introduction. Acute pharyngotonsillitis accounts for a large portion of antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric offces. Our aim was to analyze the antimicrobial prescription habits for acute pharyngotonsillitis in children from hospital emergency departments and primary care pediatric clinics in Asturias (Spain). Methods. Multicenter descriptive study evaluating pediatric patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngotonsillitis in 5 hospital emergency departments and 80 pediatric primary care clinics. Appropriateness of prescription was established by comparing with reference standards. Results. Five hundred sixty-three children with acute pharyngotonsillitis [49.7% in primary care CI 95% 45.6-53.8%)] were included along 30 nonconsecutive days. Antibiotics were prescribed in 75.5% of cases (95% CI 71.9-79.0%) [78.3% in children under 3 years of age (95% CI 71.8-84.8%)]. Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed [39.1% (95% CI 34.4-43.7%)]. Signifcant differences in the frequency or antibiotic prescription were found between primary care and hospital emergency departments (70% vs. 80.9%, p= 0.003). The treatment prescribed was considered frst choice in 43.3% (95% CI 38.6-48.0%) and inappropriate in 56.0% (95% CI 51.3-60.7%). Conclusions. Although in most cases pediatric acute pharyngotonsillitis is viral in origin, three out of four are treated with antibiotics. Treatment was inappropriate in more than half of the cases in our study.

[Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]. / Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.

Variabilidad e idoneidad en el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las faringoamigdalitis agudas pediátricas en Asturias, España / Variability of antibiotic treatment in paediatric acute pharyngotonsillitis in Asturias, Spain

Introducción. Las faringoamigdalitis agudas suponen un importante porcentaje de las consultas pediátricas y una de las principales causas de prescripción antibiótica. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar los hábitos de prescripción antimicrobiana en niños diagnosticados con faringoamigdalitis aguda en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios y consultas pediátricas de atención primaria en Asturias (España). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo multicéntrico que evalúa pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados con faringoamigdalitis aguda en los servicios de urgencias de 5 hospitales y en 80 consultas pediátricas de atención primaria. La idoneidad de las prescripciones se estableció por comparación con estándares de referencia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 563 niños con faringoamigdalitis agudas, 49,7% en atención primaria (IC 95% 45,6-53,8%), a los largo de 30 días no consecutivos (6,8% de las consultas pediátricas). Se prescribieron antibióticos en el 75,5% de las faringoamigdalitis (IC 95% 71,9-79,0%) [(78,3% en los menores de 3 años (IC 95% 71,8-84,8%)]. El antibiótico más indicado fue la amoxicilina [39,1% de los casos que recibieron antibioterapia (IC 95% 34,4-43,7%)]. Se encontraron diferencias signifcativas en el porcentaje de prescripción antibiótica entre atención primaria y urgencias hospitalarias (70,0% contra 80,9%, p= 0,003). El tratamiento prescrito se consideró de primera elección en el 43,3% de los tratados (IC 95% 38,6-48,0%) e inadecuado en el 56,0% (IC 95% 51,3-60,7%). Conclusiones. Pese a que la mayoría de las faringomigdalitis agudas pediátricas son de probable etiología vírica, tres cuartas partes de ellas reciben tratamiento antibiótico en nuestro medio, siendo la elección inapropiada en más de la mitad de los casos.

Introduction. Acute pharyngotonsillitis accounts for a large portion of antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric offces. Our aim was to analyze the antimicrobial prescription habits for acute pharyngotonsillitis in children from hospital emergency departments and primary care pediatric clinics in Asturias (Spain). Methods. Multicenter descriptive study evaluating pediatric patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngotonsillitis in 5 hospital emergency departments and 80 pediatric primary care clinics. Appropriateness of prescription was established by comparing with reference standards. Results. Five hundred sixty-three children with acute pharyngotonsillitis [49.7% in primary care CI 95% 45.6-53.8%)] were included along 30 nonconsecutive days. Antibiotics were prescribed in 75.5% of cases (95% CI 71.9-79.0%) [78.3% in children under 3 years of age (95% CI 71.8-84.8%)]. Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed [39.1% (95% CI 34.4-43.7%)]. Signifcant differences in the frequency or antibiotic prescription were found between primary care and hospital emergency departments (70% vs. 80.9%, p= 0.003). The treatment prescribed was considered frst choice in 43.3% (95% CI 38.6-48.0%) and inappropriate in 56.0% (95% CI 51.3-60.7%). Conclusions. Although in most cases pediatric acute pharyngotonsillitis is viral in origin, three out of four are treated with antibiotics. Treatment was inappropriate in more than half of the cases in our study.

Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

El eritema indurado de Bazin es poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 12 años procedente de China remitida para estudio por sospecha de eritema nudoso de larga evolución y prueba de tuberculina positiva (20 mm). La paciente no presentaba otros síntomas. En la exploración física se observaban nódulos violáceos, localizados en ambas regiones pretibiales, pero también en ambas pantorrillas. La radiografía de tórax fue normal. Se obtuvo muestra para biopsia, que mostró una paniculitis de predominio lobulillar con presencia de granulomas. La detección de micobacterias mediante cultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la muestra fue negativa. Se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis en una de tres muestras de jugo gástrico. Se trató con isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol con curación de las lesiones. Este caso resalta la importancia de sospechar eritema indurado en las formas atípicas de eritema nudoso y de investigar exhaustivamente la existencia de una tuberculosis activa en estos casos.

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.